Abstract
The results indicate the presence of forced labour, with 32 out of 220 surveyed workers meeting the international criteria for forced labour. The research also highlights the persistence of child labour, exploitative working conditions and low levels of compliance with occupational safety and health (OSH) standards, particularly in the informal sector. This situation is exacerbated by enforcement gaps and by the workers’ lack of trust in the authorities and their belief that exploitative conditions are a characteristic of the construction industry. Unionization is nearly absent, especially among informal workers, limiting workers’ capacity to advocate for their rights and push for better working conditions.