Abstract
This policy paper explores options for extending social security coverage to casual wage workers in the construction sector in Federal Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Construction is one of the largest private sector employers, yet the vast majority of its workers are informal, low-paid, and excluded from social security coverage. Drawing on 2021 Labour Force Survey data, focus group discussions, and interviews with workers, employers, and policymakers, the study highlights barriers to effective access and participation in social security such as irregular incomes, high contribution costs, bureaucratic obstacles, and mistrust in institutions. The paper proposes practical solutions including simplified and flexible contribution modalities, stronger enforcement, improved communication and outreach, and better coordination between the Department of Social Security and sectoral stakeholders, including workers’ and employers’ organisations. It underscores the urgency of ensuring that construction workers exposed to precarious employment and high occupational risks can access adequate social security.
