Abstract
Improving PES effectiveness is not a straightforward process; it entails parallel and simultaneous balancing efforts at both policy-making and operational levels. Engaging targeted action on various fronts can prove to be complex and often raises the question of how to reconcile conflicting priorities and competing agendas with increasing budget deficits. The PES diagnostic tool and method delivers an action plan that guides action and interventions for closing gaps identified in capabilities, resources and service provision concerning the overall mission of the PES.