Abstract
The governments of Nepal, Thailand and Philippines have extended basic protection for their nationals abroad while continuing to negotiate agreements with countries of destination (COD) to ensure their nationals receive access to social protection and/or inclusion in social security schemes in the destination countries. Migrant welfare funds are generally government-operated by the country of origin (COO) and may be financed by contributions from the government, migrants, recruitment agencies, and the private sector, including employers in countries of destination.