Abstract
The mining sector in Pakistan is a vital contributor to the economy, supporting GDP growth and employment, yet it faces significant challenges such as outdated regulations, weak safety enforcement, environmental degradation, and inadequate worker welfare. According to a report, between 2019–2023, 237 workers lost their lives in Punjab’s mining sector, with hundreds more suffering permanent disabilities and being affected by various occupational diseases. A study by the Pakistan Central Mines Labor Federation revealed that in 2023 alone, there were 283 recorded fatalities at the national level. Provincial disparities and fragmented policies further hinder progress, while lessons from countries like India and Thailand offer valuable insights for reform. Adopting modern practices, such as improving mine safety and enforcement, protecting workers’ welfare, boosting community development, and ensuring environmental sustainability, can transform Pakistan’s mining governance. Despite its rich mineral resources, including the world’s second-largest salt mine in Khewra, the industry is plagued by hazardous conditions, frequent accidents, and high fatality rates, emphasizing the urgent need for reforms to ensure safety, sustainability, and economic viability.