Abstract
This Chapter presents the EU policy context that underlies the need for macroeconomic modelling for the conduct of impact evaluations of R&I funding programmes and provides a critical summary and comparison of the different ex-ante macroeconomic impact assessments of the Horizon Europe Framework Programme 2021-2027 presented in the previous three chapters. In particular, it focuses on the results obtained with the three different modelling approaches apdopted, and links them to the dissimilar properties of each of these models.